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InstaLinks : help you think beyond the issue but relevant to the issue from UPSC prelims and Mains exam point of view. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their static or theoretical background. This helps you study a topic holistically and add new dimensions to every current event to help you think analytically
Table of Contents:
GS Paper 2:
1. Judicial comity over arithmetic
2. Role of Interpol
GS Paper 3:
1. The path to deterrence: Arihant SLBM
Content for Mains Enrichment
1. Shepherd who built 17 ponds in Mandya
Facts for Prelims:
1. Dr Dilip Mahalanabis
2. Principles of CAA apply to Sri Lankan Hindu Tamils
3. Age of marriage of a Muslim woman
4. Kerala Governor can sack errant Ministers
5. Learning Losses
6. MPI 2022: Poverty in India
7. Digital banking units dedicated to the nation by Prime Minister
8. FDI in India
9. How does tokenisation prevent online card fraud?
10. National Intellectual Property Conference 2022
11. World Food day
12. ‘One Nation, One Fertilizer’ scheme
13. Aluminium Freight Train Rake
14. Tiger Relocation
15. Green crackers
16. At DefExpo, India to pitch military tools to Africa, IOR countries
17. Mapping
Syllabus: Judiciary structure, functioning and conduct of business, Role of constitutional benches etc
Directions: This is an editorial article.
Source: The Hindu
Context: A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court has unanimously held that a judgment delivered by a larger Bench will prevail over the decision of a smaller Bench, irrespective of the number of judges constituting the majority in the larger Bench.
Positive Implications:
Mechanism of functioning of benches:
Issue with larger benches:
Doctrine of Precedents:
Consequences of a decision based on a number of judges rather than a bench:
Recommendation to avoid such conflicts:
There should be a quorum with a break-even or a greater majority than the lower Bench: For example, If a five-judge unanimous decision is referred to a larger Bench, it should be considered by a nine-judge Bench rather than seven, so that it would, in any case, be decided by a majority of at least five judges.
Constitution bench:
Insta Links:
Reforms brought by CJI Lalit in SC
Mains Links:
Q. Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.(UPSC 2017)
Prelims Links:
With reference to Constitutional bench, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (d)
Justification:
Refer to article above
Syllabus: Important international institutions, agencies and fora-their structure, mandate etc
Source: The Hindu, Indian Express
Direction: One article from Hindu and other from Indian Express have been combined. You may go through it once. We also dealt with Interpol in FFP a few days back. Here we are examining its role.
Context:
Interpol Secretary said that the international criminal police organisation was not playing any role in curbing state-sponsored terrorism and that it focussed primarily on ordinary law crimes.
The mandate of Interpol:
Interpol is like the UN. But it is not meant for dispute resolution. It is designed to assist the police forces of member nations. Interpol is neither an investigative agency like the CBI nor a front-line police force. It is mandated to share information and provide back-end technical assistance to law enforcement agencies
Interpol deals with cases of Child abusers, Rapists, Murderers, Traffickers, Drug dealers, and Cybercriminals
New tools being used by Interpol:
Way forward:
Insta Links:
Interpol
Mains Links:
Q. What are the roles and functions of the International Criminal Police Organization? Discuss the significance of a Red notice and the changes the upcoming meeting in Delhi can bring.
Prelims Links:
With reference to Interpol, consider the following statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
Ans: (d)
Justification:
Syllabus : Nuclear technology, Security challenges.
Source: Indian Express
Directions: This Article has been taken from Indian Express. Go through it once, you can use it for value addition.
Context: Acquiring the optimum degree of nuclear deterrence is imperative for India, given its distinctive spectrum of security and strategic challenges.
Launch of SLBM (Submarine-launched ballistic missile):
Issues concerning India’s deterrence capabilities
Emerging challenges in water:
Thus, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that India is in a “complex chrysalis phase” as far as the maritime domain is concerned.
What India needs to do?
That is the stage when India would be deemed to have acquired the requisite level of strategic capability to “validate the SSBN programme, a key element of India’s nuclear deterrence capability.
What is India’s ballistic missile submarine programme?
Insta Links
Prelims link
Mains Links:
Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the statement.
Context: Popularly known as the “pond man”, Kalmane Kaamegowda, a shepherd in Karnataka known for building 17 ponds in the barren hills of Kindinibetta in Mandya Taluk died due to age-related ailments in his house.
He has planted many trees and is creating a banyan grove in a Section 4 forest area in his village.
The Karnataka Rajyotsava awardee was shot to national fame when the Prime Minister mentioned his work in his radio programme Mann Ki Baat.
This example can be used in GS3 Environment, Essay and Ethics – dedication to conserving nature.
Source: Indian Express
Context: The physician, Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, who was behind Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) passed away recently.
Dr Mahalanabis was working in refugee camps during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation war when he came up with ORS, which The Lancet called “the most important medical discovery of the 20th century.”
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), diarrhoeal diseases, such as cholera, are among the leading causes of mortality in infants and young children in many developing countries, where the patient dies of dehydration.
ORS, a combination of water, glucose and salts, is a simple and cost-effective method of preventing this.
Source: The Hindu
Context: Madras High Court observed that the principles of the recent amendment to the Citizenship Act (CAA) are equally applicable to Sri Lankan Hindu Tamils.
Key Highlights:
Source: Indian Express
Context: Recently Supreme Court has agreed to examine an order of the Punjab and Haryana High Court that allowed a minor Muslim girl to marry a person of her choice violating the provisions of The Prevention of Child Marriages Act, 2006.
Legal age of marriage in India
How is the age of marriage determined in India?
Law governing Child marriage:
Source: The Hindu
Context: Kerala Governor threatened to remove Ministers from their posts if they continued to lower the dignity of his office.
As per the rules, no Governor can dismiss an individual Minister from a State Cabinet unless recommended by the Chief Minister
Constitutional provisions:
Supreme Court: It had on many occasions held that a government that enjoys a majority in the House cannot be dismissed by the Governor. Thus, if the government enjoys a majority in the House, the Governor cannot say that he withdraws his pleasure.
Source: PIB
Context: World Bank held a discussion on the “Learning Losses”
Learning losses in terms of education due to COVID:
Steps were taken by India to address “learning losses” due to COVID:
India conducted:
Source: DTE
Context: As per the Mulidimensional Poverty Index 2022 (released by UNDP & OPHI) titled , ” Unpacking deprivation bundles to reduce multidimensional poverty report”, the number of poor people in India has dropped by about 415 million (over 41 crore) over the last 15 years.
Findings:
Suggestions:
Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
Global MPI is an international measure of multidimensional poverty covering 107 developing countries first developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
It is computed by scoring each surveyed household on 10 parameters (in comparison National MPI (by Niti Aayog) is based on 12 parameters (MPI parameter + Bank Account+ Ante-natal care).
PYQ Q.The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
ANS & EXPLANATION- (A) 1 ONLY.
MPI bases its estimation on education (years of schooling and attendance in schools), health (child mortality and nutrition) and standard of living (electricity, sanitation, drinking water, flooring of the house, cooking fuel and asset ownership).
SOURCE – Indian Express
Context: PM dedicated 75 digital banking units to the nation. This plan was announced in Budget 2022-23.
About DBUs:
A digital banking unit is a specialised unit or hub having a certain minimum digital infrastructure for delivering digital banking products and services such as ATM, access to internet banking, digital account opening etc.
As per RBI:
Advantages: Neo-banks or digital banks excel at product innovation and offer far better digital solutions, compared to conventional banks. It will further provide 24X7 banking, paperless banking and ensure digital literacy.
Concerns: Only 27% of our population is digitally literate, with a lack of good connectivity infrastructure. Also, they lack independent existence and are in a partnership with NBFCs and scheduled banks.
PYQ-
Which of the following is a most likely consequence of implementing the Unified Payments Interface (UPI)? (UPSC 2017)
(a) Mobile wallets will not be necessary for online payments.
(b) Digital currency will totally replace the physical currency in about two decades.
(c) FDI inflows will drastically increase.
(d) Direct transfer of subsidies to poor people will become very effective.
ANS – A
Source: The Hindu
Context: It is a report, brought out by the Confederation Of Indian Industries and EY, India has the potential to attract, $475 billion of FDI in the next 5 years.
Findings:
CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES- (CII): It is a non-governmental trade association and advocacy group headquartered in New Delhi, India, founded in 1895, and registered under the Societies Registration Act, of 1860.
RELATED NEWS – Strengthening dollar, weakening rupee.
Why the US dollar is strengthening: Due to greater fiscal tightening and rising interest rates, instability triggered by Russia- Ukraine war.
Impact: India’s forex reserve is at 2 year low; increased import bill; increased CAD
However, not only the Indian rupee, but other global currencies have depreciated too against the dollar and the Indian rupee has performed better compared to other currencies.
Source: Livemint
Context: The RBI’s deadline for the tokenization of cards used in online payments passed on 30 September.
What is tokenisation?
Tokenisation refers to the replacement of actual credit and debit card details with an alternate code called the “token”, which will be unique for a combination of card, token requestor and device.
How it prevents online fraud?
Benefits of card tokenisation:
Source: PIB
Context: National Intellectual Property Conference 2022 was held recently.
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce that is “Novel, Inventive, has Industrial application, not relating to atomic energy ( they are not patentable under Patents Act, 1970)”.
Issues: India lacks strict enforcement, piracy is rampant, patent processing is cumbersome and lacks a grievance redressal mechanism (after the Intellectual property appellate board was abolished).
India stands at 40th/130 countries in the Global Innovation Index 2022. The government wants to bring it within the rank 10 countries.
Initiatives for IPR in India: Facilitating Start-Ups Intellectual Property Protection; Patent facilitation programme; KAPILA scheme ( funds for colleges/universities for filing patents); National IPR Policy 2016 ( aims for “Creative India; Innovative India”)
Source: FAO
World Food Day (16th Oct) is celebrated to commemorate the establishment of the UN FAO on 16th October 1945. FAO is a specialised agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
Hunger Hotspot Outlook 2022-23 by FAO and World Food Programme had previously highlighted key hunger hotspot regions such as Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Horn of Africa Etc.
Reasons for continued hunger: Geopolitical instability, Climate change, Economic vulnerability, Political instability and Disasters such as a tropical cyclones.
Source: TOI, Mint
Context: PM Modi launched Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jan Urvarak Pariyojana, also known as ‘One Nation One Fertiliser’ during the two-day event PM Kisan Samman Sammelan 2022.
One Nation, One fertilizer scheme.
Drawbacks of the scheme
Source: The Hindu
Context: First indigenously manufactured aluminium freight train rake inducted into Railways
A rake in a train is a line of coupled passenger coaches, freight wagons, or railcars (excluding the locomotive) that typically move together. One rake can have around 40 to 58 wagons attached to it.
Previously, made of steel, Aluminium rakes have the following advantages:
Made in collaboration with Besco Limited Wagon Division and aluminium major Hindalco (a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Group).
Source: Hindustan Times
Context: A tiger (T-113) has been shifted from Ranthambore TR to Sariska TR, as the majority of Tigers in Sariska have aged. Previously, 1st tiger reintroduction was done in STR in 2008, after tigers disappeared from it in 2005.
Ranthambore TR is famous for diurnal tigers (active during the day and night) (generally tigers nocturnal, i.e active only during the night). The TR is enclosed by Chambal and Banas Rivers.
National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body (under Wildlife Protection Act 1972) for Tiger conservation and relocation.
Source: Indian Express
Context: Chandigarh allows the use of green crackers.
Difference between green crackers and traditional crackers
Both green crackers and traditional crackers cause pollution and people should refrain from using either. However, the only difference is that green crackers cause 30 per cent less air pollution as compared to traditional ones.
Green crackers reduce emissions substantially, absorb dust, and don’t contain hazardous elements like barium nitrate. Toxic metals in traditional crackers are replaced with less hazardous compounds.
Green crackers fall under three categories- SWAS, SAFAL and STAR: the crackers developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
SWAS – “safe water releaser” should have small water pockets/droplets that are released when burst, in the form of vapour.
STAR – a safe thermite cracker, which does not comprise potassium nitrate and Sulphur, emits reduced particulate matter disposal and reduced sound intensity.
SAFAL – safe minimal aluminium which has minimum usage of aluminium, and used magnesium instead. It ensures a reduction in sound in comparison to traditional crackers.
Source: The Hindu
Context: The India-Africa Defence Dialogue (IADD) and the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)-plus conclave being organised at Gandhinagar will see India pitching its military hardware to various countries.
Defence exports of India
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